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This is the <big>Cumulus 1 FAQ</big> (consult also the Help screens within Cumulus software, and learn more from the rest of this Wiki)
This is the
 
<big>Cumulus 1 FAQ</big>
 
(consult also the Help screens within Cumulus software, and learn more from the rest of this Wiki)


Some references to other flavours of Cumulus are included here. There is also a separate FAQ specifically for [[Cumulus MX FAQ|Cumulus MX]].
Some references to other flavours of Cumulus are included here. There is also a separate FAQ specifically for [[Cumulus MX FAQ|Cumulus MX]].
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== Should I use Cumulus 1 or Cumulus 2 or Cumulus 3 (MX)? ==
Steve Loft (who originated all 3 versions) had no recommendations one way or the other. However, since he focussed on enjoying retirement and withdrew from involvement in Cumulus, a lot has changed.
Now newcomers should probably choose Cumulus MX, but read on if you are not sure.


Cumulus 1 is a finished version, and because the development environment is obsolete no further changes are possible. That said there have been two recent patches to the screen interface, allowing dates from 2021 to 2030 to be selected in drop downs, but the core code will never change. Cumulus 1 is reliable and has more functionality to cope with problems if your weather station set-up may experience problems. However, it does not support some new weather station models, and it will only run  on a Microsoft Windows device, so those two facts may imply you cannot use it! Although there remains some expertise with Cumulus 1 established users, any newcomer may prefer to choose a MX as that has more technical support available.
== What operating systems does Cumulus run on? ==


Cumulus 2 explored an improved data approach using UTC and having better handling of rainfall. Although it was hoped it would make enhancement easier, and allow use of alternative languages possible, it proved too complicated. and has been abandoned and is no longer available, so if you don't already have it hard luck. Subsequently, some of the developments in Cumulus 2 were ported into new version 1.9.0, and remain in final Cumulus 1.9.4 from where they were in turn ported to Cumulus MX. So whichever of the two versions still available you choose, you are benefiting from work done for Cumulus 2.
Cumulus 1 - All versions of Windows from XP to Windows 10 inclusive (and the server versions). It works on 32 bit and 64 bit editions. It may also work on Windows 2000, but this is not supported. You will probably not be able to get it to work on Windows 2000 with a Fine Offset station.


Cumulus 3 is live and is still being improved. It is more often known as [[Cumulus MX]]. It is using a different architecture (partly inspired by Cumulus 2), it provides some enhancements in functionality and will run on a range of platforms. It can be used in a production system as it has good reliability,  but perhaps should be avoided in a few rare cases where people's systems are not very reliable. Initially MX lacked several key parts of the functionality in Cumulus 1, but the number of such facilities continues to decrease as Mark Crossley is adding missing functionality.


== What operating systems does Cumulus run on?  ==


Cumulus 1 - All versions of Windows from XP to Windows 10 inclusive (and the server versions). It works on 32 bit and 64 bit editions. It may also work on Windows 2000, but this is not supported. You will probably not be able to get it to work on Windows 2000 with a Fine Offset station.
== Where do I find the Cumulus 1 installer? ==


Cumulus MX runs on Windows from Windows 7 onwards, and on Linux and Mac OS X.
All available via the [[Downloads|Downloads page]] in this Wiki


== Where do I find the Cumulus installer? ==
== What do I need to get right when first getting Cumulus 1? ==


All available via the [[Software|Software page]] in this Wiki
== What do I need to get right when first getting Cumulus? ==
The installation process for Cumulus 1 displays '''readme.txt''', that has many tips. See also [[Setup]]. Below are three key points.
The installation process for Cumulus 1 displays '''readme.txt''', that has many tips. See also [[Setup]]. Below are three key points.
# Install Cumulus in its own directory directly under a drive root.
# Install Cumulus in its own directory directly under a drive root.
# Connect your weather station before you start Cumulus
# Connect your weather station before you start Cumulus
# When you first run Cumulus, it displays the '''Station settings''' screen. On this, make sure you pick the right sort of station (to ensure Cumulus communicates correctly with your weather station, and can identify all the observations) and choose your '''units''' wisely. (Changing units later means all stored Lowest and highest numbers up to that point have to be converted immediately manually).  See the '''Help''' for information about the rest of the screen, but generally you can easily adjust the other options later.
# When you first run Cumulus 1, it displays the '''Station settings''' screen. On this, make sure you pick the right sort of station (to ensure Cumulus communicates correctly with your weather station, and can identify all the observations) and choose your '''units''' wisely. (Changing units later means all stored Lowest and highest numbers up to that point have to be converted immediately manually).  See the '''Help''' for information about the rest of the screen, but generally you can easily adjust the other options later.


Cumulus MX is different, simply copy the whole download into its own directory (Cumulus MX is the preferred name), and connect your weather station before you run the engine via the executable "CumulusMX.exe". The user interface is separate, so you will need to connect to that interface in order to access the settings.


== What weather stations does Cumulus work with?  ==
 
== What weather stations does Cumulus 1 work with?  ==


{{Version badge 1}}Reminder, this FAQ answer is ONLY for Cumulus 1
{{Version badge 1}}Reminder, this FAQ answer is ONLY for Cumulus 1
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*It can be useful to take copies of the Cumulus 'backup' sub-folder on key dates (e.g. at change of month or year), or if you think you might have some rogue figures.  The '.ini' files in the backup sub-folder contain past extreme values that you might want to look up.
*It can be useful to take copies of the Cumulus 'backup' sub-folder on key dates (e.g. at change of month or year), or if you think you might have some rogue figures.  The '.ini' files in the backup sub-folder contain past extreme values that you might want to look up.
*You should also back up, at least once, your cumulus.ini file in the main Cumulus folder.  This contains all the key settings and you need a record of those!
*You should also back up, at least once, your cumulus.ini file in the main Cumulus folder.  This contains all the key settings and you need a record of those!
Recent builds of Cumulus MX back up the main log files and the Cumulus.ini file every time MX is restarted and every time it does a rollover to a new day. MX also has functionality to copy your observations and the derived values to a database so that provides another way of preserving your data.


== Moving Cumulus software to a different location on your PC? ==
 
== Moving Cumulus 1 software to a different location on your PC? ==


{{Version badge 1}}This article in the wiki gives more details above moving Cumulus: [[Moving cumulus]]
{{Version badge 1}}This article in the wiki gives more details above moving Cumulus: [[Moving cumulus]]
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== I was away on the last day of last month/year - How do I see the final lowest and highest figures for last month/year? ==
== I was away on the last day of last month/year - How do I see the final lowest and highest figures for last month/year? ==
{{Version badge 1}}
{{Version badge 1}}
'''View''' menu, ''This month'' or ''This year'' screens show some figures for any month or year selected by you, but do not show all the figures shown on a standard web page or as shown on the ''Highs and Lows'' screen for the current month/year.
'''View''' menu, ''This month'' or ''This year'' screens show some figures for any month or year selected by you, but do not show all the figures shown on a standard web page or as shown on the ''Highs and Lows'' screen for the current month/year.
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In a similar manner if you miss the last day of the year, for Cumulus builds 1041 to 1088 see the final 'this year' figures for last year by opening [[year.ini]] from the appropriate backup.
In a similar manner if you miss the last day of the year, for Cumulus builds 1041 to 1088 see the final 'this year' figures for last year by opening [[year.ini]] from the appropriate backup.


== What do the various wind speeds in Cumulus correspond to, with Davis stations?  ==
== What do the various wind speeds in Cumulus 1 correspond to, with Davis stations?  ==


Davis station firmware supplies two windspeeds, a 3-second average and a 10-minute average (later versions of the firmware also supply a 2-minute average, Cumulus currently doesn't use this).   
Davis station firmware supplies two wind speeds, a 3-second average and a 10-minute average (later versions of the firmware also supply a 2-minute average, Cumulus currently doesn't use this).   
* The latest Davis 3-second average is treated by Cumulus as 'Latest' (available via <#wlatest>, matching direction is '<#currentwdir>' and '<#bearing>')
* The latest Davis 3-second average is treated by Cumulus as 'Latest' (available via <#wlatest>, matching direction is '<#currentwdir>' and '<#bearing>')
* The highest of the station's 3-second readings over the previous 10 (configurable by adding ''AvgSpeedMinutes=N'' in [[Cumulus.ini#Section:_Station]] where 'N' is number of) minutes becomes the Cumulus 'Gust (available via <#wgust>, no matching direction web tag). Note that the WMO definition of a wind gust is the mean wind speed over a 2 to 3 second sample period (so Cumulus reports this within an extended 10, or as configured, minute period, not the 'latest' gust).
* The highest of the station's 3-second readings over the previous 10 (configurable by adding ''AvgSpeedMinutes=N'' in [[Cumulus.ini#Section:_Station]] where 'N' is number of) minutes becomes the Cumulus 'Gust (available via <#wgust>, no matching direction web tag). Note that the WMO definition of a wind gust is the mean wind speed over a 2 to 3 second sample period (so Cumulus reports this within an extended 10, or as configured, minute period, not the 'latest' gust).
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If the Cumulus figure seems lower than the Davis figure see [[#My_Davis_station_shows_a_higher_maximum_wind_speed_than_Cumulus]].
If the Cumulus figure seems lower than the Davis figure see [[#My_Davis_station_shows_a_higher_maximum_wind_speed_than_Cumulus]].


== What do the various wind speeds in Cumulus correspond to, with Fine Offset stations?  ==
== What do the various wind speeds in Cumulus 1 correspond to, with Fine Offset stations?  ==


Fine Offset sensors measure wind over 48-second intervals, divided into 24 2-second intervals. At the end of each 48-second period,  the outdoor unit (anemometer) transmits two values, the "Gust" is calculated from the number of revolutions of the anemometer in last two seconds and the "Average" from the number of revolutions adding all two second counts in the 48 seconds. The console keeps '''overwriting''' the newly received 'Gust' and 'Wind' values to the same area of console memory every 48 seconds, until the station logging interval time is reached, then it moves on to the next memory location, leaving the last values it wrote in the previous console memory location.  
Fine Offset sensors measure wind over 48-second intervals, divided into 24 2-second intervals. At the end of each 48-second period,  the outdoor unit (anemometer) transmits two values, the "Gust" is calculated from the number of revolutions of the anemometer in last two seconds and the "Average" from the number of revolutions adding all two second counts in the 48 seconds. The console keeps '''overwriting''' the newly received 'Gust' and 'Wind' values to the same area of console memory every 48 seconds, until the station logging interval time is reached, then it moves on to the next memory location, leaving the last values it wrote in the previous console memory location.  
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=== Summary with default selections ===
=== Summary with default selections ===
# '<#wgust>' contains "Calculated Wind Gust (highest value for any 2 seconds in last 10 minutes) Speed" reports highest console gust value in last 10 minutes (this is capturing WMO gust definition over a longer 10 minute reporting interval)
# '<#wgust>' contains "Calculated Wind Gust (highest value for any 2 seconds in last 10 minutes) Speed" reports highest console gust value in last 10 minutes (this is capturing WMO gust definition over a longer 10 minute reporting interval)
# '<#wlatest>' contains "Latest Peak (the value for last 2 seconds in 48 seconds prior to storing) Wind Speed" taken from console gust value (this is capturing the latest WMO Gust)
# '<#wlatest>' contains "Latest Peak (the value for last 2 seconds in 48 seconds prior to storing) Wind Speed" taken from console gust value (this is capturing the latest WMO Gust)
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=== In detail with all the configurations ===
=== In detail with all the configurations ===
* The highest of the Fine Offset 'Gust' values over the previous 10 (number fixed and not configured to match any other interval set) minutes becomes what Cumulus reports as the 'Gust' speed ('<#wgust>').  Cumulus does not report a matching direction for this as a web tag, although it will be somewhere in array '<#wdirdata>'.
* The highest of the Fine Offset 'Gust' values over the previous 10 (number fixed and not configured to match any other interval set) minutes becomes what Cumulus reports as the 'Gust' speed ('<#wgust>').  Cumulus does not report a matching direction for this as a web tag, although it will be somewhere in array '<#wdirdata>'.
* The value labelled 'Latest'('<#wlatest>', matching direction is '<#currentwdir>' and '<#bearing>') by Cumulus is Fine Offset console 'Gust' value. (Cumulus also adds each new latest value to the array <#wspddata> and moves the index of the array <#nextwindindex> onto the next position in the circular array.
* The value labelled 'Latest'('<#wlatest>', matching direction is '<#currentwdir>' and '<#bearing>') by Cumulus is Fine Offset console 'Gust' value. (Cumulus also adds each new latest value to the array <#wspddata> and moves the index of the array <#nextwindindex> onto the next position in the circular array.
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Select value for 'N' using ''AvgSpeedMinutes=N'' in [[Cumulus.ini#Section:_Station]].
Select value for 'N' using ''AvgSpeedMinutes=N'' in [[Cumulus.ini#Section:_Station]].


== How do I set up recording wind speeds in Cumulus, with Oregon Scientific and La Crosse stations  ==
== How do I set up recording wind speeds in Cumulus 1, with Oregon Scientific and La Crosse stations  ==


La Crosse and some Oregon Scientific weather stations only output a single wind speed.  To allow Cumulus to calculate 'gust' and 'wind speed' with different values, select the '''Station''' dialogue from the ''Configuration'' menu and set ''Calculate 10 min wind average'' in the 'Settings' frame, so in [[cumulus.ini]] this will produce the parameter 'Wind10MinAverage=1 when cumulus is next stopped.
La Crosse and some Oregon Scientific weather stations only output a single wind speed.  To allow Cumulus to calculate 'gust' and 'wind speed' with different values, select the '''Station''' dialogue from the ''Configuration'' menu and set ''Calculate 10 min wind average'' in the 'Settings' frame, so in [[cumulus.ini]] this will produce the parameter 'Wind10MinAverage=1 when cumulus is next stopped.
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See ''LCMaxWind=X'' parameter in [[Cumulus.ini#La_Crosse_specific:]] where X is the maximum (uncalibrated) wind speed in m/s that you want to allow.
See ''LCMaxWind=X'' parameter in [[Cumulus.ini#La_Crosse_specific:]] where X is the maximum (uncalibrated) wind speed in m/s that you want to allow.


== How do I make Cumulus run automatically when Windows starts?  ==
== How do I make Cumulus 1 run automatically when Windows starts?  ==


{{Version badge 1}}Reminder, this FAQ answer is ONLY for Cumulus 1
{{Version badge 1}}Reminder, this FAQ answer is ONLY for Cumulus 1
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== How does Cumulus handle Daylight Saving Time?  ==
== How does Cumulus handle Daylight Saving Time?  ==
Cumulus provides the option for you to use rollover at 9am winter time that is preserved throughout the year so all days are 24 hours long even when clock changes, simply click "Use 10am in summer" on the Station settings.
Cumulus provides the option for you to use rollover at 9am winter time that is preserved throughout the year so all days are 24 hours long even when clock changes, simply click "Use 10am in summer" on the Station settings.


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*See Fine Offset forum discussions for further information.
*See Fine Offset forum discussions for further information.


== What formula does Cumulus use for values derived from temperature?  ==
== What formula does Cumulus 1 use for values derived from temperature?  ==


[[Temperature_(and_humidity)_measurement#Cumulus_Calculated_Parameters|see Cumulus_Calculated_Parameters]]
[[Temperature_(and_humidity)_measurement#Cumulus_Calculated_Parameters|see Cumulus_Calculated_Parameters]]
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For stations which supply a rain rate, Cumulus uses that. For stations which don't supply a rain rate (e.g. Fine Offset and La Crosse), Cumulus simply takes the rain total from the last five minutes and calculates a rate based on that; e.g. a single tip of 0.3mm in 5 minutes is a rate of 3.6mm/hr. When data from the station's logger is used, a similar calculation is performed, but the interval used is the logger interval rather than five minutes.
For stations which supply a rain rate, Cumulus uses that. For stations which don't supply a rain rate (e.g. Fine Offset and La Crosse), Cumulus simply takes the rain total from the last five minutes and calculates a rate based on that; e.g. a single tip of 0.3mm in 5 minutes is a rate of 3.6mm/hr. When data from the station's logger is used, a similar calculation is performed, but the interval used is the logger interval rather than five minutes.


== Where does Cumulus get its this month and this year rainfall totals from?  ==
== Where does Cumulus 1 get its this month and this year rainfall totals from?  ==


* The rainfall totals (for this month, year, and season), are initialised when Cumulus is (re-)started by adding up the corresponding daily totals in [[dayfile.txt]] and storing those sums in memory.
* The rainfall totals (for this month, year, and season), are initialised when Cumulus is (re-)started by adding up the corresponding daily totals in [[dayfile.txt]] and storing those sums in memory.
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== How do I reset all my data to start again from scratch?  ==
== How do I reset all my data to start again from scratch?  ==


Stop Cumulus and delete all of the files in the data folder. You may also want to edit the 'StartDate=' line in [[cumulus.ini]] to set the date for the start of your data, if you are starting again on a different date.
Stop Cumulus 1 and delete all of the files in the data folder. You may also want to edit the 'StartDate=' line in [[cumulus.ini]] to set the date for the start of your data, if you are starting again on a different date, although Cumulus 1 does not make any decisions based on that date, it simply outputs it twice (!) on one standard web page.


== How do I localise Cumulus to my own language? ==
== How do I localise Cumulus 1 to my own language? ==


Cumulus does not directly support languages other than English. It was never intended for use in other languages, and it is not possible to add support for this now. However, the text used for:
Cumulus does not directly support languages other than English. It was never intended for use in other languages, and it is not possible to add support for this now. However, the text used for:
*Forecasting
*Forecasting
*Moonphases
*Moon phases
*Beaufort Scale
*Beaufort Scale
*Trend descriptions
*Trend descriptions
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*Graph titles
*Graph titles
*Extra sensor channels
*Extra sensor channels
can all be customised by using the [[strings.ini]] file. This facility may be extended to allow other items to be translated, but it is very unlikely that there will ever be a fully multi-language version of Cumulus in its current form.
can all be customised by using the [[strings.ini]] file.  


'''This wiki page [[:Category:Other_Languages|Other Languages]] has some obsolete (valid in 2009-2010) information about customising what were the standard web pages in versions of Cumulus 1 up to 1.8.x. The translations there are NOT compatible with later (or final) Cumulus 1 version, nor will they work with Cumulus MX.'''
'''This wiki page [[:Category:Other_Languages|Other Languages]] has some obsolete (valid in 2009-2010) information about customising what were the standard web pages in versions of Cumulus 1 up to 1.8.x. The translations there are NOT compatible with later (or final) Cumulus 1 version, nor will they work with Cumulus MX.'''
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On the downloads page you can find third-party alternative web pages, these typically include some language translation modules, but beware that these may not be maintained to work with latest versions of Cumulus.
On the downloads page you can find third-party alternative web pages, these typically include some language translation modules, but beware that these may not be maintained to work with latest versions of Cumulus.


== Can I connect/disconnect my weather station while Cumulus is running? ==
== Can I connect/disconnect my weather station while Cumulus 1 is running? ==
No. You must make sure your weather station is connected to your PC and switched on, before running Cumulus. Do not disconnect your station while Cumulus is running.
 
No. You must make sure your weather station is connected to your PC and switched on, before running Cumulus 1. Do not disconnect your station while Cumulus 1 is running.


== How does Cumulus deal with extra sensors? ==
== How does Cumulus deal with extra sensors? ==


By default, Cumulus deals with weather stations incorporating solar sensors, if you have selected the relevant station 'Type' or 'Display solar/extra data' in configuration, but it has some capability to deal with extra sensors added including the Blake-Larsen Sun Recorder.
By default, Cumulus 1 deals with weather stations incorporating solar sensors, if you have selected the relevant station 'Type' or 'Display solar/extra data' in configuration, but it has some capability to deal with extra sensors added including the Blake-Larsen Sun Recorder.
Cumulus has the ability to input, log, and display Current Values/Outputs from the [[Rain_measurement#Optical_Rain_Gauges|Hydreon Optical Rain Sensor - Model RG-11]] and from either Oregon Scientific or Davis [[Extra_Sensor_Files|extra sensors]]. Only today's and yesterday's total rainfall from a Hydreon sensor are available in [[today.ini]] and [[yesterday.ini]] respectively. For some Oregon Scientific models, the temperature from an extra sensor can replace the temperature from the main sensor for processing by Cumulus, but all extra sensor values are stored in a series of [[Extra_Sensor_Files| monthly log]] files. No other processing is performed for Davis extra sensors, but past values are retained in a series of [[Extra_Sensor_Files| monthly log]] files.  The file [[strings.ini]] is used to customise the description associated with extra sensors.
 
Cumulus 1 has the ability to input, log, and display Current Values/Outputs from the [[Rain_measurement#Optical_Rain_Gauges|Hydreon Optical Rain Sensor - Model RG-11]] and from either Oregon Scientific or Davis [[Extra_Sensor_Files|extra sensors]]. Only today's and yesterday's total rainfall from a Hydreon sensor are available in [[today.ini]] and [[yesterday.ini]] respectively.  
 
For some Oregon Scientific models, the temperature from an extra sensor can replace the temperature from the main sensor for processing by Cumulus 1, but all extra sensor values are stored in a series of [[Extra_Sensor_Files| monthly log]] files for extra sensors.  
 
No other processing is performed for Davis extra sensors, but past values are retained in a series of [[Extra_Sensor_Files|extra sensor monthly log]] files.  The file [[strings.ini]] is used to customise the description associated with extra sensors.


== What is this "Solar Max" value which Cumulus is displaying? ==
== What is this "Solar Max" value which Cumulus is displaying? ==
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You don't need to, and it's much safer if you don't; clearing the memory could lead to a loss of data. The memory indicator on the console has no effect on the logging of data; the console will automatically start re-using the oldest memory locations. As long as you are running Cumulus (at least occasionally), Cumulus will have downloaded the data it needs from the console, so the console is free to overwrite the oldest data when it needs to.
You don't need to, and it's much safer if you don't; clearing the memory could lead to a loss of data. The memory indicator on the console has no effect on the logging of data; the console will automatically start re-using the oldest memory locations. As long as you are running Cumulus (at least occasionally), Cumulus will have downloaded the data it needs from the console, so the console is free to overwrite the oldest data when it needs to.


== How do I get my Davis station with USB working with Cumulus? ==
== How do I get my Davis station with USB working with Cumulus 1? ==


{{Version badge 1}}Reminder, this FAQ answer is ONLY for Cumulus 1
{{Version badge 1}}Reminder, this FAQ answer is ONLY for Cumulus 1
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this utility, select Convert USB to Virtual Serial in your WeatherLink program group on the Start menu of your computer (Start>AllPrograms>WeatherLink>Convert USB to Virtual Serial) and run the utility to convert your data logger. Please contact Davis Technical Support (“Contacting Davis Technical Support” on page 26) for more information."
this utility, select Convert USB to Virtual Serial in your WeatherLink program group on the Start menu of your computer (Start>AllPrograms>WeatherLink>Convert USB to Virtual Serial) and run the utility to convert your data logger. Please contact Davis Technical Support (“Contacting Davis Technical Support” on page 26) for more information."


== Why does Cumulus do some things the way it does, when there are better ways? ==
== Why does Cumulus 1 do some things the way it does, when there are better ways? ==


{{Version badge 1}}Reminder, this FAQ answer is ONLY for Cumulus 1
{{Version badge 1}}Reminder, this FAQ answer is ONLY for Cumulus 1


Cumulus was originally something Steve Loft 'knocked together' quickly when I got my first weather station, simply because I couldn't find any other software anywhere which I was prepared to use. No 'design' went into it, it was really just a prototype. Some of the things I did were just quick 'hacks' that I intended to fix when I did it 'properly'. But I never got around to going back and doing it 'properly', and it was never my intention that anyone else would use it. But I was persuaded to make it available for others, and then to add more and more enhancements.  
''This text is by the author, Steve Loft''
 
Cumulus was originally something I 'knocked together' quickly when I got my first weather station, simply because I couldn't find any other software anywhere which I was prepared to use.  
 
No 'design' went into it, it was really just a prototype. Some of the things I did were just quick 'hacks' that I intended to fix when I did it 'properly'. But I never got around to going back and doing it 'properly', and it was never my intention that anyone else would use it. But I was persuaded to make it available for others, and then to add more and more enhancements.  


The fact that it works with several different types of weather station means that much of it is a compromise; it doesn't use certain features of the weather station which it could use if it were dedicated to that type of weather station. For example, it typically does not use any high/low data that the station might store internally. Instead, it maintains its own high/low data from individual readings. There are a number of reasons for this; the fact that Cumulus supports an 0900-0900 day, and the weather station does not, and the fact that typically Cumulus maintains far more high/low values than the station does, and these need to be self-consistent.  
The fact that it works with several different types of weather station means that much of it is a compromise; it doesn't use certain features of the weather station which it could use if it were dedicated to that type of weather station. For example, it typically does not use any high/low data that the station might store internally. Instead, it maintains its own high/low data from individual readings. There are a number of reasons for this; the fact that Cumulus supports an 0900-0900 day, and the weather station does not, and the fact that typically Cumulus maintains far more high/low values than the station does, and these need to be self-consistent.  


So yes, I am aware that some of things that Cumulus does may seem strange, but it is simply not possible for me to start again from scratch, knowing what I know now. And it is not possible for me to effectively produce separate versions of Cumulus specifically for each type of weather station. If you don't like the way Cumulus does certain things, do what I did and write your own software!
So yes, I am aware that some of things that Cumulus does may seem strange, but it is simply not possible for me to start again from scratch, this is done in my spare time.


== Can I run 2 copies of Cumulus? ==
And it is not possible for me to effectively produce separate versions of Cumulus specifically for each type of weather station. If you don't like the way Cumulus does certain things, do what I did and write your own software!
 
== Can I run 2 copies of Cumulus 1? ==


3 options:
3 options:
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== I installed a new version and my web page templates got over-written  ==
== I installed a new version and my web page templates got over-written  ==


{{Version badge 1}}The supplied web page templates are part of Cumulus and will be over-written on upgrade. If you want to create your own web pages, don’t edit the supplied ones, place them in a different folder and use the ‘extra files’ facility. From version 1.8.9, the installer offers the option of not over-writing the web templates; it unconditionally also installs them to a sub-folder of the web folder called 'originals', so you can refer to them if required, even if you chose not to over-write those in the web folder.
{{Version badge 1}}The supplied web page templates are part of Cumulus and will be over-written on upgrade.  
*If you want to create your own web pages, don’t edit the supplied ones, place your templates in a different folder and use the ‘extra files’ facility.  
*From version 1.8.9, the installer offers the option of not over-writing the web templates; it unconditionally also installs them to a sub-folder of the web folder called 'originals', so you can refer to the originals if required, even if you chose the new option not to over-write whatever template files are already being processed in the web folder.


== I can’t find my data files!  ==
== I can’t find my data files!  ==


{{Version badge 1}}You’re probably running Windows Vista/Windows 7/Windows 8 (or one of the corresponding server versions of Windows). Look in C:\Users\[username]\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files\Cumulus - note that this is a 'hidden' folder. Ideally, to avoid this situation, you would install to somewhere outside the Program Files hierarchy, as recommended in the readme.txt.
{{Version badge 1}}You’re probably running Windows Vista/Windows 7/Windows 8 (or one of the corresponding server versions of Windows). Look in C:\Users\[username]\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files\Cumulus - note that this is a 'hidden' folder. Ideally, to avoid this situation, you would install to somewhere outside the Program Files hierarchy, as recommended in the '''readme.txt'''.


== I can't save my NOAA reports! ==
== I can't save my NOAA reports! ==


{{Version badge 1}}You've probably corrupted your Cumulus.ini file in the default Cumulus folder. See [[Cumulus.ini#Section:_NOAA]]. It can only be edited either (if Cumulus is stopped) with an external text file editor or (with Cumulus running) using the ''NOAA Setup'' in the configuation menu.  Pay attention to where the quotes are required for the file names, and check that you have an allowed date format (see [[Webtags#Time.2FDate_.27format.27_Parameter]]).
{{Version badge 1}}You've probably corrupted your Cumulus.ini file in the default Cumulus folder. See [[Cumulus.ini#Section:_NOAA]]. It can only be edited either (if Cumulus is stopped) with an external text file editor or (with Cumulus running) using the ''NOAA Setup'' in the configuation menu.  Pay attention to where the quotes are required for the file names, and check that you have an allowed date format (see [[Webtags#The_format_used_for_naming]]).


== My sunrise and sunset times are wrong  ==
== My sunrise and sunset times are wrong  ==


You've almost certainly entered your co-ordinates incorrectly, or not entered them at all - on the station settings screen. You must enter DEGREES, MINUTES, and SECONDS, no other format will work. Make sure to use '''unsigned whole numbers''' for degrees, minutes, and seconds, with a 'W' for your longitude if you're West of the Greenwich meridian (e.g. if you are in the United States), and the appropriate letter for your latitude (N for northern hemisphere, S for southern hemisphere).  
You've almost certainly entered your co-ordinates incorrectly, or not entered them at all - on the station settings screen.  
*You must enter DEGREES, MINUTES, and SECONDS, no other format will work.  
*Make sure to use '''unsigned whole numbers''' for degrees, minutes, and seconds, with a 'W' for your longitude if you're West of the Greenwich meridian (e.g. if you are in the United States), and the appropriate letter for your latitude (N for northern hemisphere, S for southern hemisphere).  


If you are not familiar with the degrees/minutes/seconds standard format and have your co-ordinates in some other format, there are pages on the web which will convert for you. One such is here: http://transition.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/DDDMMSS-decimal.html
If you are not familiar with the degrees/minutes/seconds standard format and have your co-ordinates in some other format, there are pages on the web which will convert for you. One such is here: http://transition.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/DDDMMSS-decimal.html
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**You can try the same cure, but may not be able to recover the lost information in this case.
**You can try the same cure, but may not be able to recover the lost information in this case.


If you are viewing or editing log files at the time when rollover takes place, it is likely that some parts of the daily rollover will fail.  Although Cumulus 1 provides the functionality to view and (except for the data file) update the log files, make sure you have exited out of the built-in viewer or editor before rollover is due. If you inadvertently forget this, the cure of overwriting files mentioned above is applicable if your weather station has an internal log and it is around 2 logging intervals (see [[#Cumulus_takes_a_long_time_to_download_the_data_from_my_Davis_station_at_start_up]]) after rollover. When using an external editor, close Cumulus 1 or Cumulus MX before opening any Cumulus file.
If you are viewing or editing log files at the time when rollover takes place, it is likely that some parts of the daily rollover will fail.   
*Cumulus 1 provides the functionality to view any log file and you can update the log files that contain extreme records or the daily summary.
*Do make sure you have exited out of the built-in viewer or editor before rollover is due.  
**If you inadvertently forget this, the cure of overwriting files mentioned above is applicable if your weather station has an internal log and it is around 2 logging intervals (see [[#Cumulus_takes_a_long_time_to_download_the_data_from_my_Davis_station_at_start_up]]) after rollover.  
*When using an external editor, close Cumulus 1 or Cumulus MX before opening any Cumulus file.


== Why do I have some unexpected zero figures? ==
== Why do I have some unexpected zero figures? ==
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== Cumulus read some invalid figures from my station ==
== Cumulus read some invalid figures from my station ==
If you have:
If you have:
*just started using Cumulus,  
*just started using Cumulus,  
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... check you have the correct station type selected (see the Cumulus ''Help'' for the settings screen).
... check you have the correct station type selected (see the Cumulus ''Help'' for the settings screen).


Choosing the wrong station type means individual items of information are not correctly assigned to weather parameters.  Cumulus knows what is at what location for each station type.  
{{Version badge 1}}Choosing the wrong station type means individual items of information are not correctly assigned to weather parameters.  Cumulus knows what is at what location for each station type.  
*Is the information ''correct on the station console'' (i.e. not a fault with a sensor), but incorrectly displayed on Cumulus screen (i.e. transfer problem)?  
*Is the information ''correct on the station console'' (i.e. not a fault with a sensor), but incorrectly displayed on Cumulus screen (i.e. transfer problem)?  
Check all your settings on Cumulus, or see a [[#Cumulus_can.27t_read_a_data_update_from_my_station|previous question]].
Check all your settings on Cumulus, or see a [[#Cumulus_can.27t_read_a_data_update_from_my_station|previous question]].
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Over successive versions of Cumulus more and more code has been incorporated to deal with the way some stations are prone to reporting rogue readings.
Over successive versions of Cumulus more and more code has been incorporated to deal with the way some stations are prone to reporting rogue readings.
*Ensure you are using the latest Cumulus build, if you are using an old version you will not have any enhancements made since the earlier build that might improve the way Cumulus reads from your station type.
*Ensure you are using the latest Cumulus build, if you are using an old version you will not have any enhancements made since the earlier build that might improve the way Cumulus reads from your station type.
In general, if Cumulus 1.x.x identifies an odd value it will reuse the last good value instead, assuming that the problem will either right itself, or be spotted and dealt with quickly.
In general, if Cumulus 1.x.x identifies an odd value for up to 6 times, it will reuse the last good value instead. Depending on how frequently Cumulus is able to read from your station, that can represent
up to 5 minutes. That is designed to be long enough for you to spot the problem and deal with it. Sometimes the problem will right itself within that time. After that time, a problem with reading temperature, humidity, wind, or pressure, means Cumulus cannot calculate derived values, the last successful read is considered too stale to reuse, and by default Cumulus will stop any further processing.


'''Fine Offset stations''' are prone to reporting the odd non-sensical value, and Cumulus has the ability to compare successive readings:
'''Fine Offset stations''' are prone to reporting the odd nonsensical value, and Cumulus has the ability to compare successive readings:
*From the '''Configuration''' menu select [[Cumulus_Screenshots#Configuration_Menu_Screens|''Calibration'']] and in the '''Spike removal''' frame you can specify "the maximum '''differences''' between successive values" that Cumulus is to tolerate. See the '''Help''' for that screen, and note that spike removal applies while Cumulus is running, not to catch-up readings from the station's logger.  
*{{Version badge 1}}From the '''Configuration''' menu select [[Cumulus_Screenshots#Configuration_Menu_Screens|''Calibration'']] and in the '''Spike removal''' frame you can specify "the maximum '''differences''' between successive values" that Cumulus is to tolerate.  
*{{Version badge 1}}See the '''Help''' for that screen, and note that '''spike removal applies while Cumulus is running''', it is not applied to catch-up readings from the station's logger.  


'''Possible Cure:'''
'''Possible Cure:'''
The purpose of the backup files is to allow Cumulus to be 'rewound' to a particular point in time.  It simulates the situation where someone had closed Cumulus down at that point, and is only now starting it up again, and needs data to be downloaded from the station's logger to catch up to the present time. Obviously this cure will not work if your station type does not have a logger (one is needed for Cumulus to read old readings again).
The purpose of the backup files is to allow Cumulus to be 'rewound' to a particular point in time.  It simulates the situation where someone had closed Cumulus down at that point, and is only now starting it up again, and needs data to be downloaded from the station's logger to catch up to the present time. Obviously this cure will not work if your station type does not have a logger (one is needed for Cumulus to read old readings again).
*If you have only installed Cumulus a few days ago, or have just re-started Cumulus after it was stopped and encounter multiple ''rogue readings in the catch-up from the station logger''; '''one possibility''' is to stop Cumulus and find the [[#On_restarting_Cumulus.2C_it_did_not_successfully_read_all_data_from_when_it_last_ran|backup files]] that it took when you started it up (or just after the previous roll-over time), copy those files into the data folder, overwriting the ones that are there, then when you start it up again it will rewind back to the time in that back-up, and could sort itself out.
*If you have only installed Cumulus a few days ago, or have just re-started Cumulus after it was stopped and encounter multiple ''rogue readings in the catch-up from the station logger''; '''one possibility''' is to stop Cumulus and find the [[#On_restarting_Cumulus.2C_it_did_not_successfully_read_all_data_from_when_it_last_ran|backup files]] that it took when you started it up (or just after the previous roll-over time), copy those files into the data folder, overwriting the ones that are there, then when you start it up again it will rewind back to the time in that back-up, and could sort itself out.
The [[Diags]] log often contains useful information for sorting out what has been read, which values have been ignored, and which highs or lows may have been updated incorrectly. Note that automatic backups are made just after roll-over time because restarting Cumulus when there are no logger records to read before roll-over has been known to cause problems. Therefore, the backup to choose might be one with the date before when the problem occured, but remember that any calculations Cumulus makes are based on readings at least every minute when Cumulus is running, but for the catch up period such calculations can only use the readings available at your station's logging interval. Note if you choose a later backup and it does not work, you can always then repeat the 'rewind' with a earlier backup.
{{Version badge 1}}The Cumulus 1 [[Diags|Diagnostic]] log often contains useful information for sorting out what has been read, which values have been ignored, and which highs or lows may have been updated incorrectly. Note that automatic backups are made just after roll-over time because restarting Cumulus when there are no logger records to read before roll-over has been known to cause problems. Therefore, the backup to choose might be one with the date before when the problem occurred, but remember that any calculations Cumulus makes are based on readings at least every minute when Cumulus is running, but for the catch up period such calculations can only use the readings available at your station's logging interval. Note if you choose a later backup and it does not work, you can always then repeat the 'rewind' with a earlier backup.


== How to restore a corrupted log file ==
== How to restore a corrupted log file ==
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Because many positive values are realistic, Cumulus generally will accept those odd increases as a result of accidental knocking of a tipping bucket gauge, due to wind effects on the gauge, or even due to the station electronics generating a rogue reading. The sub-answers below explain how to correct such errors.
Because many positive values are realistic, Cumulus generally will accept those odd increases as a result of accidental knocking of a tipping bucket gauge, due to wind effects on the gauge, or even due to the station electronics generating a rogue reading. The sub-answers below explain how to correct such errors.
=== (Invented rain) Error in today's total ===
=== (Invented rain) Error in today's total ===
Easy - correct today's total using the [[Today.ini#Editing_rainfall_in_today.ini_within_Cumulus | 'today's rain']] editor on the edit menu (select from main screen in Cumulus 1, or find in the MX browser interface).
Easy - correct today's total using the [[Today.ini#Editing_rainfall_in_today.ini_within_Cumulus | 'today's rain']] editor on the edit menu (select from main screen in Cumulus 1, or find in the MX admin interface).


=== (Invented rain) Error in date/time of 'Last Tip' ===
=== (Invented rain) Error in date/time of 'Last Tip' ===
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Note that other rain figures, such as 'rain last hour', 'rain last 24 hours' and 'rain since midnight' depend on a sensible progression of the rain counter described in previous sub-answer, so it's not easy to correct this; it is easier to wait until the erroneous figure is far enough in the past so as not to affect the calculation of these 3 other values. Note that if you're using a midnight start of day then you don't need the 'rain since midnight' figure anyway, as it is normally the same as 'rain today', and that figure is much more easily corrected.
Note that other rain figures, such as 'rain last hour', 'rain last 24 hours' and 'rain since midnight' depend on a sensible progression of the rain counter described in previous sub-answer, so it's not easy to correct this; it is easier to wait until the erroneous figure is far enough in the past so as not to affect the calculation of these 3 other values. Note that if you're using a midnight start of day then you don't need the 'rain since midnight' figure anyway, as it is normally the same as 'rain today', and that figure is much more easily corrected.


If you really do want to try to correct these other rain figures; you would need to stop Cumulus, then find (for the period in question), the correct [[monthly_log_files|monthly log file]] field 11 (assuming date is field 0), which stores the Cumulus 'rain counter' values, and edit (increasing the value in the count field, decreases the difference to the next (or current) count, and therefore reduces the rain in the in-between period) so they are correct relative to the current value of the rain counter (i.e. the latest one logged).
If you really do want to try to correct these other rain figures; you would need to stop Cumulus, then find (for the period in question), the correct [[Standard_log_files|standard log file]] field 11 (assuming date is field 0), which stores the Cumulus 'rain counter' values, and edit (increasing the value in the count field, decreases the difference to the next (or current) count, and therefore reduces the rain in the in-between period) so they are correct relative to the current value of the rain counter (i.e. the latest one logged).


===  (Invented rain) Error prevention by Spike removal ===
===  (Invented rain) Error prevention by Spike removal ===
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If you do this, you will probably need to edit your log files in the '''data''' folder as you may have duplicate entries and/or entries out of order. Your rain totals will almost certainly also be wrong - the total for "today" in particular. See the [[FAQ#My_station_invented_some_rain_that_didn.27t_really_occur.2C_and_I_want_to_set_it_to_zero_.28or_some_other_figure.29 |FAQ]] entry about correcting rainfall data. If you have only just started using Cumulus, you could delete all of the files in the data folder, and just create a simple today.ini as below. Then when you start Cumulus, processing will start again with just the data from the station's logger.
If you do this, you will probably need to edit your log files in the '''data''' folder as you may have duplicate entries and/or entries out of order. Your rain totals will almost certainly also be wrong - the total for "today" in particular. See the [[FAQ#My_station_invented_some_rain_that_didn.27t_really_occur.2C_and_I_want_to_set_it_to_zero_.28or_some_other_figure.29 |FAQ]] entry about correcting rainfall data. If you have only just started using Cumulus, you could delete all of the files in the data folder, and just create a simple today.ini as below. Then when you start Cumulus, processing will start again with just the data from the station's logger.


Note that this method does not work for the Oregon WMR200 station. This station deletes logger entries when they are downloaded, and there is no mechanism for retrieving logger entries for a particular period - it just sends all the entries that it has. You may be able to circumvent this by creating a today.ini file in the data folder before you run Cumulus 1, with just this in it:
Note that this method does not work for the Oregon WMR200 station. This station deletes logger entries when they are downloaded, and there is no mechanism for retrieving logger entries for a particular period - it just sends all the entries that it has. {{Version badge 1}}You may be able to circumvent this by creating a today.ini file in the data folder before you run Cumulus 1, with just this in it:
<pre>
<pre>
[General]
[General]
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CurrentDay=10
CurrentDay=10
</pre>
</pre>
Note that Cumulus MX stores some time-stamps '''in ISO format''' (yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss) within '[[today.ini]]', the format example above only works for Cumulus 1, see the article on the log file itself for specifics.
Note that Cumulus MX stores some time-stamps '''in ISO format''' (yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss) within '[[today.ini]]', the format example above only works for {{Version badge 1}}Cumulus 1, see the article on the log file itself for specifics.
Change the dates and time to match the point from which you want Cumulus to start downloading data. If the station has already sent the data, this may not work, unfortunately.
Change the dates and time to match the point from which you want Cumulus to start downloading data. If the station has already sent the data, this may not work, unfortunately.


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{{Version badge 1}}'''Note''' ''StartDate=xxxx'' does ''not'' need to be updated for Cumulus 1 to recognise earlier data in log files in its ''data'' subfolder.   
{{Version badge 1}}'''Note''' ''StartDate=xxxx'' does ''not'' need to be updated for Cumulus 1 to recognise earlier data in log files in its ''data'' subfolder.   


[[File:Badge vMx.png]] However in calculating and updating extremes, Cumulus MX will ignore any monthly log file data prior to the start date set, so it is crucial to make sure the start date is right before you (re-)start MX.
[[File:Badge vMx.png]] However in calculating and updating extremes, '''CumulusMX.exe''' will ignore any standard log file for any month prior to the start date set, so it is crucial to make sure the start date is right before you (re-)start MX. However, if you use '''ExportMySQL.exe monthly''' this will start with January 2000 and process any standard log found for any month after that.


{{Version badge 1}}It really represents "Cumulus began on", so there is an alternative of leaving cumulus.ini unchanged, but editing default Cumulus ''recordsT.htm'' template twice:
{{Version badge 1}}and [[File:Badge vMx.png]]There is one web page template file ''recordT.htm'' that in two places uses this date. If you want to make one of those be the earliest date you  now have for your data and the other one to be when you started using Cumulus; there is an alternative of leaving '''Cumulus.ini''' unchanged, but editing the ''recordT.htm'' template twice:
*after the h2 heading is ''&lt;p&gt;Records began on <#recordsbegandate>. Here are the extremes recorded since then.&lt;/p&gt;'';  you can replace '<#recordsbegandate>' with the new earliest date typed in as text; and
*after the h2 heading is ''&lt;p&gt;Records began on <#recordsbegandate>. Here are the extremes recorded since then.&lt;/p&gt;'';  you can replace '<#recordsbegandate>' with the new earliest date typed in as text; and
*at the start of the table is the ''&lt;caption&gt;Records Since <#recordsbegandate>&lt;/caption&gt;''; replace the label "Records since" with "Cumulus began on" leaving the web tag unchanged.
*at the start of the table is the ''&lt;caption&gt;Records Since <#recordsbegandate>&lt;/caption&gt;''; replace the label "Records since" with "Cumulus began on" leaving the web tag unchanged.
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The Fine Offset stations only store absolute/station pressure readings in their weather memory locations updated with each transmission and read by Cumulus. Within Cumulus, the software applies the adjustment to sea level before any further processing. It does ''not'' use the altitude setting in the cumulus station configuration screen.
The Fine Offset stations only store absolute/station pressure readings in their weather memory locations updated with each transmission and read by Cumulus. Within Cumulus, the software applies the adjustment to sea level before any further processing. It does ''not'' use the altitude setting in the cumulus station configuration screen.
Normally when Cumulus starts, it reads in [http://www.jim-easterbrook.me.uk/weather/mm/ the fixed block] in the console a pair of absolute/station pressure and relative/sea level pressure readings and uses the difference between these as the ‘offset’ in millibar for the station;  Cumulus uses this offset subsequently to calculate the sea level pressure (each time when reading the absolute pressure in the weather memory locations of the station), but it is possible to define the offset in '''Cumulus.ini''' instead.  
Normally when Cumulus starts, it reads in [http://www.jim-easterbrook.me.uk/weather/mm/ the fixed block] in the console a pair of absolute/station pressure and relative/sea level pressure readings and uses the difference between these as the ‘offset’ in millibar for the station;  Cumulus uses this offset subsequently to calculate the sea level pressure (each time when reading the absolute pressure in the weather memory locations of the station), but it is possible to define the offset in '''Cumulus.ini''' instead.  
{{Version badge 1}}'''IMPORTANT'''  These notes apply to Cumulus 1.  '''bvs79669''' did some investigation in January 2019 that reveals the ''mapping of memory bytes to pressure reported by Jim Easterbrook and used by Steve Loft is wrong''. The two most significant bits included in that mapping as being part of the pressure output should not be included as they create impossibly high readings for pressure. From build 3047, MX excludes these two bits when reading the pressure and the reliability of reading correct pressure from a Fine Offset station has been significantly improved.


Make sure that you have set your console's relative pressure correctly:
Make sure that you have set your console's relative pressure correctly:
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Either 1) Consequently, you can manually copy the sequence remembering it requires several steps:
Either 1) Consequently, you can manually copy the sequence remembering it requires several steps:
# Correct the rogue values or values in the detailed [[Monthly_log_files]] ''with Cumulus stopped''. Neither Cumulus 1 nor Cumulus MX provides an editor to do this, and you need to guess new values for readings as there is no other file provided by Cumulus to offer any suggestions, often people interpolate between earlier and later readings.
# Correct the rogue values or values in the monthly [[Standard_log_files]] ''with Cumulus stopped''. Neither Cumulus 1 nor Cumulus MX provides an editor to do this, and you need to guess new values for readings as there is no other file provided by Cumulus to offer any suggestions, often people interpolate between earlier and later readings.
# Correct the [[dayfile.txt|daily summary log]] ''(don't do this near the rollover time)'', the editor in Cumulus 1 requires you to manually change the numbers, unless you delete the whole day (or it was previously missing) and you ask Cumulus to '''Insert missing''' i.e. populate a single line (day) from the detailed log, ignoring any extremes at times between logged readings.
# Correct the [[dayfile.txt|daily summary log]] ''(don't do this near the rollover time)'', the editor in Cumulus 1 requires you to manually change the numbers, unless you delete the whole day (or it was previously missing) and you ask Cumulus to '''Insert missing''' i.e. populate a single line (day) from the detailed log, ignoring any extremes at times between logged readings.
# Correct the all-time extremes held in [[alltime.ini]] and monthly all-time extremes held in [[monthlyalltime.ini]]. Using the Cumulus 1 [[Cumulus_Screenshots#File.2FEdit.2FHelp_Menu|built-in appropriate editor]] from the first couple of commands in the Edit menu (and now also in CumulusMX) allows you to see, and copy across, suggested extremes based on contents of the detailed [[Monthly_log_files]] or contents of  the [[dayfile.txt|daily summary log]].
# Correct the all-time extremes held in [[alltime.ini]] and monthly all-time extremes held in [[monthlyalltime.ini]]. Using the Cumulus 1 [[Cumulus_Screenshots#File.2FEdit.2FHelp_Menu|built-in appropriate editor]] from the first couple of commands in the Edit menu (and now also in CumulusMX) allows you to see, and copy across, suggested extremes based on contents of the monthly [[Standard_log_files]] or contents of  the [[dayfile.txt|daily summary log]].


or 2) If you know the correct figures, you can alternatively enter them manually directly into the .ini files and not bother to update the detailed log or the daily summary log. (It is pointless to edit the .ini files directly and then afterwards edit the log files):
or 2) If you know the correct figures, you can alternatively enter them manually directly into the .ini files and not bother to update the detailed log or the daily summary log. (It is pointless to edit the .ini files directly and then afterwards edit the log files):
Sfws
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