1,154
edits
Raspberry Pi Image: Difference between revisions
Add root account information
No edit summary |
(Add root account information) |
||
| (50 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
|
We have created an customised version of the Raspberry Pi Lite image with Cumulus MX pre-installed and ready to go.
This is designed to be what is called a "headless" installation, that is
===Alternatives to using image===
Should you decide not to use the image, please see instructions in the support forum about [https://cumulus.hosiene.co.uk/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=18916 installing MX], about installing specifically on [https://cumulus.hosiene.co.uk/viewtopic.php?t=17895 Raspberry PI computer], and about installing on [https://cumulus.hosiene.co.uk/viewtopic.php?t=18766 any Linux computer].
=== Pre-Installation Steps ===
You
* A suitable (micro) SD (high capacity) card for your Raspberry Pi
:A minimum size of 16GB is recommended. Be sure to buy a good quality card.
:You can use an SSD instead if preferred [with the minor complication that in a later step you will need non-WiFi access to the Raspberry Pi (keyboard and monitor, or SSH over ethernet) as you cannot enter the WiFi details from a Windows PC to the linux SSD (Windows cannot understand the different file system used on the SSD for Linux, it is different to the file system Microsoft uses on a SSD)].
* An image installer to copy the image file to the SD card
:The [https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/installation/installing-images/ Raspberry Pi site] has a list of suitable software for your operating system. Scroll down to "Writing the image".<br />
: This guide
* The image file to install
:Download the latest image file
* An SSH terminal program to configure your Raspberry Pi
: For Windows we recommend using [https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html PuTTY]
:* Extracting the diagnostic files from Cumulus MX if this go wrong
:* Setting up a web site<br />
:A popular program for Windows is [https://winscp.net/eng/download.php WinSCP] which shares some configuration with PuTTY (but some people prefer FileZilla program and its interface).
=== Installing the Image ===
* Insert your blank SD card into your computer - if not blank whatever is on the card will be erased.
* Start Raspberry Pi Imager
:* Click the CHOOSE OS button, scroll down to the bottom of the list and select '''Use custom'''
:*; [[File:PiImager-02.png|none]]
:* Browse to the location of the OS Image zip file you downloaded -
:* Click CHOOSE SD CARD, and select the SD card from the Device dropdown - check you have the correct drive selected!
:*; [[File:
:* Click the WRITE button. Writing the image will take a few minutes
:* Once the image has finished been written, you can close Raspberry Pi Imager<br /><br />
::* Set the ssid to match your WiFi id
::* Set the psk to your WiFi password
:* Save the file, and then rename it to '''wpa_supplicant.conf''' - i.e. remove the .txt
* Eject the SD card from your computer.
Please note, the edit above changes the country code for the wireless (WiFi) connection, the image is built on the basis that your Raspberry Pi will operate in the GB timezone, and MX will run using the GB locale. You can only modify those after installation is completed on your RPi computer.
=== First Boot ===
* Power on the Pi.
* Now wait 5 minutes. The first boot will be resizing your disk and optionally configuring your WiFi
* Start your browser and see if you can connect to this URL: '''<nowiki>http://cumulusmx:8998</nowiki>'''
:* If you can great - you should now see the Cumulus MX console
:* If not, then you will have to find out the Raspberry Pi's IP address from your router. Then try connecting to this URL: '''http://<ip_address>:8998''' (example: '''<nowiki>http://192.168.1.123:8998</nowiki>''' where the numbers before :8998 are those for YOUR Raspberry Pi from YOUR router). It just depends on your router whether it allows use of the URL name (cumulusmx) or requires the IP address.
=== Verify your SSH Connection ===
* Fire up your SSH Client - we use PuTTY here
:* Enter the hostname as "cumulusmx", and check the protocol is set to SSH. Then open the connection.<br />
: (
:*; [[File:PuTTY-01.png|none]]
* You will have the accept the SSH key the first time you connect
* Enter the username "
: ''For prior releases up to 3.15 the username was "pi" and password (note UK spelling) "raspberry"''
* '''You should now change the default password'''
:* Use the '''passwd''' command to do this now...
<nowiki>
Changing password for
Current password:
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully</nowiki>
* '''Now you can check/configure your RPi for your locale and timezone settings.'''<br />
: You '''must''' do this before you configure Cumulus MX if you are going to change it. Changing the locale after Cumulus MX has connected to your station means you may be in for a lot of editing of data files!
** ''The build has set a default which is for '''en_UK UTF-8''' locale and '''GMT''' timezone''.
** Use '''sudo raspi-config''' 5. Localization Options, L1 Locale (select en_US ISO-8851-1 for USA if needed) and L2 Timezone (select the appropriate timezone), then '''sudo reboot''' if needed to engage the new settings.
** NOTE: if you are using ''bullseye'' (or up), verify all locale settings are the same (run: locale). If not then edit /etc/default/locale and add (or change) LC_ALL=<locale wanted>. save, exit and reboot again.
* Check the status of the Cumulus MX service with the command '''sudo systemctl status cumulusmx'''<br />
: You will get some information back, the important bit to note is the line starting '''Active:''', it should say '''active (running)'''
* You can leave the SSH session open, you will need it again soon...
=== Configure Cumulus MX ===
Now it is time to configure Cumulus MX for your station.
* Start your browser and connect to the same URL as before - '''<nowiki>http://cumulusmx:8998</nowiki>''' or '''http://<ip_address>:8998'''
* From the menu select '''Settings | Station Settings''', then follow
* Once your have completed all the settings for for station, and successfully saved them, Cumulus MX will need to be restarted.
* Back in your SSH session, send the command '''sudo systemctl stop cumulusmx''', this stops the Cumulus MX service.
* Wait a few seconds, then enter the command '''sudo systemctl start cumulusmx''', this starts the Cumulus MX service again.
* Back to your browser and check that URL - '''<nowiki>http://cumulusmx:8998</nowiki>''' or '''http://<ip_address>:8998''' - again. If all is well, the default dashboard page should start showing the data from your weather station.
:* If it does, congratulations, you have successfully started recording your weather data
:* If it doesn't, then check back over this process carefully for any mistakes or omissions you may have made.
:* If you cannot resolve the problem, then ask for [https://cumulus.hosiene.co.uk/viewforum.php?f=40 help on the forum]
== Additional Steps ==
''To be expanded''
* Configuring WiFi from SSH
** ''To be expanded''
* Stopping Cumulus MX starting up when the Pi boots
** The build sets up MX to run as a service, and to start when the computer builds, so it will be running when you switched your Raspberry Pi on
** To stop this auto-starting behavior permanently, just type <code>sudo systemctl disable cumulusmx</code> once.
* Give your Pi a fixed IP address
:* Add a DHCP reservation
:* Assign a static IP address
:If you need to use a fixed IP address for your Raspberry Pi, there are 2 methods
1. Adjust your router settings to always assign the same IP address. This facility has different names on different brands of router, look for a section named DHCP. You may be able to choose the IP address (possibly within or possibly outside the range assigned by DHCP), or you may only be allowed to choose 'always assign the address it currently has'. You may need to know the MAC address of the Raspberry PI, but if so that will likely be displayed alongside the current connection.
2. Adjust Raspberry Pi settings to always request the the same fixed address. This is less reliable, because your router may have assigned the requested address to a different device since the Pi was last active. To do this you have to edit this file: « '''/etc/network/interfaces''' »
:For Ethernet connection a line specifying port '''eth0''' is needed to describe your ethernet configuration, as the example below. For a wireless connection, it needs similar with '''wlan0''':
allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.11.100
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.11.1
dns-domain example.com
dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1
''The line "dns-domain example.com" is optional''
:You could have also to edit another file, for dns configuration.
:see file «'''/etc/resolv.conf'''» to insert these lines:
nameserver 192.168.11.1
domain example.com
''Again, the line "domain example.com" is optional''
== Information ==
If you previously used Microsoft Windows with each part of a path separated by "\", please remember that all other operating systems, including that for Raspberry Pi, use "/" to both indicate the root (at start) and to separate parts of a path, as per the install location shown next.
=== Install location ===
In this image Cumulus MX is installed into '''/opt/CumulusMX'''
If you have run MX before, you will copy your existing [[Cumulus.ini]], and optional [[Strings.ini]], into that folder. But be aware that MX has been set to run on boot, so MX will have started, and you must stop it with <code>sudo systemctl stop cumulusmx</code>, before you can add these files.
=== Symbolic Links ===
The image contains a number of pre-created symbolic links for Cumulus MX files such as realtime.txt and the standard website tmp files. These links divert these files to the random access memory chip (within the standard Linux folder "/run", the RAM storage area is configured as subfolder "/cumulusmx") to reduce wear on your SD card.
The full list of symbolic links could be added here by another contributor, presumably these cover every .json file that is produced for the default web page with fully defaulted settings as to which files are produces. For the moment, two symbolic link examples are included below:
# the processed ''realtime.txt'' -> /run/cumulusmx/realtime.txt
# the processed '''wxnow.txt''' -> /run/cumulusmx/wxnow.txt
=== Root Account ===
The image does not alter the default root account from the Raspberry Pi OS base image. So the root account does not have a password set, and cannot be used to logon to the system. If you wish to relax this default security then there are plenty of web sites with instructions on how to do this.
=== Image Customisations ===
* Based on the 'Lite' version of the Raspberry Pi OS (i.e. the graphical desktop GUI is not included)
* Full install of Mono
* Update of all packages
* Install of Cumulus MX
* Set Cumulus MX to auto-start
* Enable SSH service
* Disable IPv6
* Set hostname to "cumulusmx"
NOTE: If you later want to add the graphical desktop GUI, please check online for the latest instructions, but when last researched, these 4 steps were needed for Buster:
# sudo apt update
# sudo apt install xserver-xorg
# sudo apt install raspberrypi-ui-mods
# sudo reboot
===Further Information===
There are two other pages in this Wiki that might be useful to read [[Raspberry Pi computer page]] and [[MX on Linux]].
=== systemctl commands ===
You can use the following commands to control Cumulus MX...
: To start Cumulus:
: To stop Cumulus:
: To check if Cumulus is running:
: To restart Cumulus:
: To make Cumulus start at system boot time:
: To stop Cumulus starting at boot time:
You may want to start Cumulus from the command
First make sure the Cumulus MX service is stopped
Then issue a change path command to move to the Cumulus folder and start MX there<br>
(Noting it is case sensitive).
: cd /opt/CumulusMX
: sudo mono CumulusMX.exe
= Build Creation Notes =
Here are the technical details:
* Installed Raspberry Pi Buster Lite (August 2020)
* Enabled SSH
* Installed latest updates - apt update/upgrade
* Installed latest Mono complete stable version (6.12)
* Clean up apt - apt autoremove
* Changed hostname to "cumulusmx"
* Edited cumulusmx.service and copied to /etc/systemd/system
* Disabled mono-xsp4 service - update-rc.d mono-xsp4 disable
* Copied full CMX download to /opt/CumulusMX folder
* Created symbolic links for temp files to /run/cumulusmx
The following commands are useful in creating the image file (created on Debian).
Create image file from SD card - sdb, may be sdc etc.
dd if=/dev/sdb of=/home/<username>/rpi.img bs=1M
Shrink the image file.<br />
Download pishrink from:
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Drewsif/PiShrink/master/pishrink.sh
Then run it...
pishrink.sh /home/<username>/rpi.img /home/<username>/rpi2.img
Disable IPv6<br />
Edit /etc/systctl.conf<br />
Add line...
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
| |||